Refers to "hydrogen saturation": A saturated hydrocarbon (an alkane) only has single bonds between carbon atoms.
In an unsaturated hydrocarbon there may be double or even triple bonds (resp. an alkene(6.4a) of an alkyne(6.4b)).
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Homologous series
Alkanes, Alkenes and alkynes are examples of homologous series. These can be described by an arithmetic relationship between the atoms in the molecule.
Alkane: CnH2n+2
Alkene: CnH2n
Alkene: CnH2n-2
There are others besides these...
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Branching
A hydrocarbon is branched if at least one C atom is connected to 3 or 4 other C atoms.
The 2 hydrocarbons on the right have the same molecular formule (C4H10), but very different structures (in this particular case due to branching)
These 2 molecules are isomers: same molecular formula, different structures.
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Cyclic structures
A closed loop of C atoms.
The 2 structures shown are isomers (both C4H8), where the bottom one is branched.
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Aromatics
Cyclic hydrocarbons with a benzene structure in them (C6H6) are called aromatic
Hydrocarbons without a benzene ring are called aliphatic.
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Nomenclature: How to name them?
Stappenplan:
Find and name the longest uninterrupted carbon chain. This is the "stem" (main chain).
(Find and name the side groups.)
Give these groups their numbers (by position) and give them Greek numerals (by frequency).
Use Binas table 66C+D.
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Naming alkanes
Name = stem + ane
General formule: CnH2n+2
Slide 10 - Slide
Naming alkenes
Name = stem + ene
General formule: CnH2n (for 1 double bond)
e.g. but-1-ene (but = 4C, 1-ene = double bond on C1).
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NAMES:
ethene
propene
but-1-ene
but-2-ene
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Multiple double bonds
Name: stem+diene (or triene, or...)
buta-1,3-diene
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Alkyl groups
A side chain with only C atoms is called an alkyl group.
Naming is similar to alkanes, just -yl instead of -ane
e.g.: methylbutane.
Why not 2-methylbutane?
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Multiple alkyl groups
Again, just as before, we use Greek numerals (di, tri, etc.).
e.g.: 2,3-dimethylpentane.
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Several different alkyl groups
Name the side groups alphabetically, ignoring the Greek numerals.
e.g.: 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane.
Note that there is always a dash (-) between a number and a letter!
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What's the name of this little monster?
(I like to call him "Sulley")
Use BINAS 66C!
Slide 17 - Slide
stem = longest chain = 9 C , nonane
2x ethyl = diethyl, 3x methyl = trimethyl
Lowest possible numbers for positions: 33567 < 34577
names in alphabetical order: 3,7-diethyl-3,5,6-trimethylnonane
Lesson duration is: 180 min
