Review lesson

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 1

Review lesson

Reproduction

Male reproductive system

1. sperm duct: transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
2. seminal vesicle gland: produces liquid that forms semen together with the sperm cells
3. prostate: produces liquid that forms semen together with the sperm cells
4. epididymis: stores sperm cells until they are needed
5. testicle: produces the sperm cells and the hormone testosterone

Male reproductive system

6. scrotum: keeps the testicles outside the body at a lower body temperature. (1 or 2 degrees) better for sperm production and survival
7. penis: this is meant for sex, it has this shape to be able to deliver the sperm cells as far into the female body as possible.
8. bladder: stores urine that has come from the kidneys
9. urethra: moves urine and semen out of the body
10. glans: the sensitive part of the penis
11. foreskin: this covers and protects the glans 

Female reproductive system

• 1. oviduct (fallopian tube): transports the ova to the uterus
• 2. ovary: produces the ova (eggs) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone
• 3a. uterus: is like a large sack that holds the developing baby
• 3b. uterus wall: thick wall on the outside of the uterus made of muscles
• 3c. cervix: the entrance to the uterus from the vagina
• 4. vagina: the opening of the woman's body where the penis fits in.
• 5. hymen: the half-open covering to the entrance of the vagina.
• 6. bladder: store urine that comes from the kidneys

Female reproductive system

• 7. urethra: the tube that move urine out of the body
• 8. clitoris: the sensitive part of the female reproductive system, this works the same as the glans with men.
• 9. inner labia: produces mucus to protect the reproductive organs and also lubricates the area during sex.
• 10. outer labia: this helps protect the reproductive organs.

Sexual development

• Primary sexual characteristics: characteristics that you are born with
• Secondary sexual characteristics: develop later in life, usually during puberty

   Caused by the production of hormones

What are hormones?

• These are chemicals that slowly change things in our bodies
• They are transported through our blood

Male secondary sexual characteristics

Hormone = testosterone

• Growth of hair
• Growth of penis and testicles
• Enlargment of Adam's apple
• deepeing of the voice
• Increased muscles and strength
• Increased secretions of oil and sweat -> acne & body odor

Female secondary sexual characteristics

Hormone = Estrogen & Progesterone

• Breasts and nipples grow bigger
• Body hair 
  
• Widening of the hips
• More fat deposists (thighs, hips and buttocks)
• Ovulation and menstruation start
• Increased secretions oil and sweat -> odor and acne

What is menstruation?

• Release of blood from the uterus through the vagina
• Start around age 12

How does it happen? 

• Hormones estrogen en progesterone build up uterus lining
  
  
• Fertilized egg could attach to this
  
  
• No fertilized egg? --> Lining is shed
  
  
• cylce: it happens over and over again (450 times in a life time)

4 Phases

• Phase 1 (day 1-5) : menstruation
• Uterus lining is shed through the vagina (no fertilized egg)
  
  
• Phase 2 (day 6-12): repair phase
• uterus lining build new layer of mucus
• new egg cell develops in the ovary

4 Phases

• Phase 3: Ovulation (day 13-15)
• A new ova is released and send down the oviduct
  
  
• Phase 4: Receptive phase (day 16 - 28)
• Uterus lining grows to form a 'nest' for the egg cell
• No fertilized egg cell? --> cycle starts again!

Fertilisation

Gametes are sex cells

• sperm and egg (ova) 
• contain half the DNA of regular body cells 

• Fertilisation = melting together of sperm and egg cell
• Zygote = 'baby cell' sperm and egg cell melted together
• Embryo = when cells starts to multiply

How do cells multiply? 

Body cells

'clones'

Sex cells

sperm and egg 'different'

Pregnancy

• Placenta
• spongy mass of blood vessels
• transport oxygen, nutrients & carbon dioxide
  
  
• Amniotic sac
• membrane around the fetus filled with water
• protects the fetus
  
  
• Umbilical cord
• connection placenta to fetus

Childbirth

-Amniotic sac breaks

-after 9 months / 40 weeks

Muscles of the uterus contract

• Dilation contractions - open up the cervix
• Pushing contractions - uterus pushes the baby out

after 15 min. -> afterbirth (placenta + amniotic sac)

Contraceptives

• Chemical method
  
• Natural method
  
• Sterilization
  
• Intrauterine methods
  
• Emergency contraception
  
• Barrier method

Chemical methods

• Spermicides (zaaddodend middel)
• Pill (de pil)
• Patch (hormoonpleister)
• Injection (hormooninjectie)
• Rods (hormoon implantaat)
• Ring (NuvaRing)

Natural methods

• Coitus interruptus (voor het zingen de kerk uit)
• Rhythm (periodiek onthouding)

Sterilisation

• Tubal ligation (females)
• Vasectomy (males)

Intrauterine method

• IUD (intra uterine device): copper or hormones
• spiraaltje 

Emergency contraception

• Plan B ( morning after pill)
  
• Abortion pill

Barrier methods

• Male condom
• Female condom
• Diaphragm (pessarium)

What determines the beginning of the menstruation cycle?

1. Release of blood through the vagina
2. The release of the egg cell from the ovaries
3. The growing of the uterus lining
4. The cycle can start anytime

In which part of the female reproductive system do the ova (egg cells) develop?

1. Fallopian tube/Oviduct
2. Ovaries
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

In which part of the female reproductive system does the fertilised egg cell grow into a baby?

1. Fallopian tube/Oviduct
2. Ovaries
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

On which day in the cycle does ovulation occur?

1. Day 1
2. Day 14
3. Day 20
4. Day 28

What is shed during the menstruation of a female?

1. The ovaries
2. The egg cell
3. The uterus lining
4. Nothing

The cycle is for everyone the same. It is always 28 days.

1. True
2. False

How long does an released egg cell survive?

1. 15 days
2. 4 days
3. about an hour
4. 1-2 days

How do we call the release of an egg cell into the oviduct?

1. Fertilization
2. Ovulation
3. Pregnancy
4. Contraceptive

Which characteristics are present at birth?

1. Primary sexual characteristics
2. Secondary sexual characteristics

Which characteristics develop during puberty?

1. Primary sexual characteristics
2. Secondary sexual characteristics

How do organisms develop secondary sexual characteristics?

1. Under the influence of hormones
2. Under the influence of the weather
3. Under the influence of gravity

What is a primary sexual characteristic of a man?

1. a beard
2. stronger muscles
3. a penis
4. stronger body smell

What is a primary sexual characteristic of a woman?

1. breasts
2. menstruation
3. a vagina
4. stronger body smell

Vagina

Cervix

Uterus wall

Oviduct

Ovary

Uterus

What organ is letter D?

1. Uterus
2. Bladder
3. Vagina
4. Oviduct

What organ is letter A?

1. Uterus
2. Bladder
3. Vagina
4. Oviduct