unit 4 Support and locomotion B4 Muscles (VWO/blauw)

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 1

unit 4 support and locomotion

B4 Muscles

Concepts  and Learning objectives B4

Concepts:  

muscle system, muscle sheath, tendons, muscle bundles, muscle fibres, attachment site, biceps, triceps, antagonistic pair, muscle fibres, transverse muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, organ muscle

Learning objectives:

You can describe the functioning of muscles

You can name examples of Voluntarily and involuntary muscle movements

What will we do?

• Questions on B3
• Unit 4 B4:
•        - Muscular system
•        - Tendons
•        - Antagonistic pair
•        - Other muscle movements
• Time for homework
• Concluding with Flashcards and Test Yourself

At which joint is no movement possible

1. Fusion only
2. Fusion and sutures joint
3. Sutures and cartilage joints
4. Movement is possible at all joints

Radius and ulna together form a ...

1. saddle joint
2. pivot joint
3. ball-and-socket joint
4. hinge joint

Which joint is between the vertebrae?

1. fused joint
2. Sutures joint
3. Cartilage joint
4. Synovial joint

What connection is between the skull bones?

1. fused joint
2. Sutures joint
3. Cartilage joint
4. Synovial joint

Which joint is in the knee?

1. fused joint
2. Sutures joint
3. Cartilage joint
4. Synovial joint

What is the name of the bone you are sitting on?
(1 word)

Muscular system

• Skeletal muscles: muscles attached to bones by tendons
• Involuntary muscles in       intestines
• Heart muscle
• Muscles in skin

Structure of a muscle

• Muscles consist of a large number of muscle fibres (muscle cells)
• Muscle is surrounded by a muscle sheath
• Muscle sheath ends in a tendon
• Tendons connect muscles to bones
• Muscle fibres are grouped together in a muscle bundle
• There is a membrane/tissue around each muscle bundle

muscle sheath

A layer of connective tissue.

Holds everything together and protects the tissue

muscle bundle

A number of muscle fibres together, around a bundle there is also a layer of connective tissue

muscle fibre

Contract to become shorter (and thicker). This creates movement.

tendon

At both ends of a muscle is a tendon.

Tendon is tough, poorly elastic tissue. This attaches the muscle to a bone

Antagonistic pair

A muscle can only pull, not push!

Two muscles often work together to move a bone.

If muscle 1 pulls , muscle 2 relaxes

When muscle 2 pulls, muscle 1 relaxes

These muscles are each other's antagonists

How do you bend and stretch your arm?

• To bend and extend your arm, the arm flexor muscle and arm extensor muscle work together 
• Arm bend: the arm flexor muscle shortens and thickens
• Arm stretching: the arm flexor muscle relaxes and stretches

Arm bending

• Arm flexor muscle contraction: gets shorter and thicker

• Tendons pull on your radius

• Arm flexor muscle relaxes: becomes longer and thinner

Arm stretching

• Arm extensor muscle contraction: gets shorter and thicker

• Tendons pull on your ulna

• Arm flexor muscle relaxes: becomes longer and thinner

Muscle tissue

• Muscles contain proteins that can slide together, making muscle shorter and thicker.
•  These proteins are actin and myosin (together muscle fibres)

3 types of muscle tissue: 

• Skeletal muscle tissue (see image)
• Smooth muscle tissue
• Cardiac muscle tissue

Other muscular movements

Skeletal muscular tissue

Muscle tissue in skeletal muscles.

Muscles that allow you to move consciously.

cardiac muscle tissue

Your heart, too, is a muscle. By contracting, the heart muscle pumps blood through the body. You also do this subconsciously...thankfully.

smooth muscle tissue

Muscles in organs. Examples: in the wall of oesophagus, stomach, intestines and around your blood vessels. These organ muscles move without you being aware of it.

Muscle fibres

Transverse muscle tissue contains 2 types of muscle fibres:

Slow muscle fibres: 

- Take a slow time to contract and are therefore less powerful . 

- Muscles for posture contain many slow muscle fibres. 

- Use less energy and therefore tire less quickly

Fast Muscle Fibres: 

- Fast and powerful contraction

- Muscles for locomotion. 

- Use more energy -> faster through nutrients so tired quickly

Spiervezels (VG)

Homework for the next lesson

homework

•        Par 4.4  the joints
•        Summary 
•        Pif
•        Exercises 1 up and until 9
•       Test yourself
•       Use also the flash cards 

Check your learning objectives

• You can describe the functioning of muscles
• You can give examples of voluntary and involuntary muscle movements

- Do you know the terms? Practise the Flashcards 

- Check the learning objectives with Test Yourself

- Read the Summary B4 again and compare it with assignment

Lever hier de foto's in van de samenvatting
(rood + wit opdracht 4)