CH1 par. 1.5 A long war

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• Middelbare school
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• Leerjaar 2

Memo havo 2 TTO

CH1. The age of discoverers and reformers

sec. 1.5 A long war

Dutch Revolt

Aims

Main question: What happened during the first years of the Revolt?

• You can explain what measures the Duke of Alva took.
• You can describe who Willem van Oranje was.
• You can explain why the Revolt was a fierce war.
• You can explain how the Netherlands became divided after the Union of Utrecht.
• You know the terms and dates of this section.

The start of the Revolt

• Duke of Alva immediately established the Council of Troubles.
• He raised taxes.
• Dealt with Dutch nobility who's action hadn't been firm enough.
  

The start of the Revolt

• Many protestants fled. William of Orange fled to his estates in Germany.
  
• He wanted religious freedom and was against the central government of Philip II.
• The Duke of Alva confiscated William's Dutch possessions.

The start of the Revolt

• William of Orange dismissed as stadholder of the Spanish king.
• In Germany he began to prepare an attack on the Netherlands.
  

The start of the Revolt

• He received help from the Sea beggars (watergeuzen): refugees who behaved like pirates on the seas around the Netherlands.

The start of the Revolt

• In 1568 several armies of William of Orange entered the Netherlands from the east, south and north.
• Start of Dutch Revolt.
• Defeated by Spanish troops.
• In 1572 first major victory:
• Sea beggars captured Den Briel.
  

The start of the Revolt

• Other towns in Holland and Zeeland joined the Revolt.
• Even outside Holland and Zeeland cities started to revolt against King Philip II and the Duke of Alva.
  

A fierce war

• The Spanish struck back hard when they recaptured several towns in 1572. They looted and killed burghers.
• Fearing vengeance towns surrendered without a fight, yet they were severely punished.
• After these bloodbaths, the remaining cities didn't surrender.
• Rebels started to gain victories too.
  

A fierce war

• City population would destroy the dikes around the city, so that the land around was flooded.
• Spanish army was a mercenary army. If there was no money, then there was no fighting. Soldiers would plunder and steal. 
• Looting caused much anger among the burghers.
  

The Netherlands becomes divided

• The rebels also used mercenary armies.
• To be able to pay them, they had to work together and collect taxes.
• In 1579 the northern provinces signed a joint alliance against the Spanish king: Union of Utrecht. 

Union of Utrecht (1579)

The provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel promised to help each other in the fight against the Spanish.

The Netherlands becomes divided

The southern provinces remained loyal to the Spanish king. 
In 1588 the rebel's situation appeared hopeless: 
1. In 1584 William of Orange was murdered. 
2. In 1585 Antwerp was recaptured by the Spanish. 
3. Only a few provinces and regions were controlled by the rebels.

Write down 2 things you learned today.

What do you still find difficult?

Get to work

What? See whiteboard.

How? Alone 

Help? Ask neighbour. Can't figure it out? Ask teacher. 

Time? Until the end of the lesson. 

Done? Learn terms and dates. Ask teacher.