Grammar unit 1+2

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Relative pronouns

WHO

WHOM

WHOSE

WHICH 

THAT 

Ø 

We use relative pronouns to link two sentences together:

The man works at the supermarket.

He is our neighbour.

-> The man who works at the supermarket is our neighbour.

Who

Who  refers to PEOPLE:

This is the girl who helped me

There were some people who made a complaint.

Whose

Whose  refers to POSSESSIONS (wiens):

WHOSE keys are on the kitchen counter?

The boy WHOSE phone just rang should stand up.

Whom

Whom  refers to PEOPLE (Object of the verb, na een VZ) :

The woman to WHOM John is talking is my boss.

The person for WHOM he wrote that song is unknown.

Which

Which refers to THINGS or ANIMALS:

This is the house, which he built himself.

I gave him a letter, which he quickly put in his pocket.

The match, which was cancelled, was on Saturday.

That

That can be used in stead of who or which

BUT only if there is no comma in front!

The cat which was lost has been found.

The cat that was lost has been found.

The cat, which was lost, has been found.

The cat, that was lost, has been found.

Ø (nothing)

We use Ø  (nothing) if the sentence is still correct without who/which or that. 

That is the case if the word it refers to is NOT the subject of the sentence.

The book  Ø  he bought is great.

he is the subject , not book, so Ø 

This is the boy _____ had an accident.

1. who
2. which
3. Ø

Yesterday I saw the car ____ was used for the fast and the furious.

1. who
2. which
3. Ø

The book ______ you gave me is great.

1. who
2. which
3. which / that / Ø
4. which / that

I really like the suit _____ you bought for the wedding!

I need someone _____ can fix my washing machine.

I now understand the relative pronouns

1. easy peasy lemon squeezy
2. I think I do
3. no, not at all

Comparisons

Vergrotende + overtreffende trap

klein - kleiner - kleinst(e)

small - smaller - smallest

groot - groter - grootst(e)

big - bigger - biggest

aardig - aardiger - aardigst(e)

nice - nicer - nicest

Comparative +

Superlative

Let op woorden die eindigen op een medeklinker + Y! 

Let op!

good - better - best

bad - worse - worst

far- further - furthest

little - less - least

Vergrotende trap:

+ER

Vaak wordt het woord gevolgd door THAN

Frank is taller than Rob.

The boys are faster than us.

Overtreffende trap:

+EST

Vaak komt er voor het woord THE te staan

Rob is the tallest boy I know.

That is the fastest car ever.

Woorden van 2 of meer lettergrepen

krijgen GEEN -er of -est erna,

maar MORE of MOST ervoor!

I am smaller than Frank, but he is more intelligent than I am.

Jason is the sweetest baby I know, Jasmin is 

the most beautiful baby though.

My sister has a ___ room than I have.

1. big
2. bigger
3. biggest
4. more bigger

This car is ___ than my brother's car.

1. safe
2. safer
3. safest
4. most safe

It is _____ than ever to find good football players.

1. more difficult
2. difficulter
3. most difficult
4. difficultest

Freddie Mercury was the ___ singer ever .

1. great
2. greater
3. greatest
4. most great

The weather today is even ___
than yesterday.

1. badder
2. baddest
3. worse
4. worst

The English test was _________ than the French test.

1. more easy
2. more easyer
3. easyer
4. easier

My dad is the ___ dad ever!

1. good
2. goodest
3. better
4. best

Past Perfect vs Past Simple

🇬🇧 Past Simple 

🇳🇱 Verleden Tijd

ww+ed

(irr. verb = 2e vorm)

I 

I saw him yesterday.

🇬🇧 Past Perfect

🇳🇱 Voltooid Verleden Tijd

🇬🇧 Past Simple 

🇳🇱 Verleden Tijd

ww+ed

(irr. verb = 2e vorm)

He arrived to the train station.

I decided to walk home.

🇬🇧 Past Perfect 

🇳🇱 Voltooid Verleden Tijd

had + ww+ed

(irr. verb = had + 3e vorm)

When he arrived to the train station the train had left.

I had lost my bike key so I decided to walk home.

The Past Perfect shows what happened first in the past.

How does it work?

Present Simple - I work hard every day.

Past Simple - I lost my keys yesterday.

Present Perfect - I have lost my keys.

Past Perfect - They had left before the show ended.

How does it work?

Past Perfect        -           had + past participle

something happened in the past before something else happened in the past.

 

When do you use Past Perfect?

- If you want to add information to a story / text.

- If you want to tell something that happened before something else happened in the past.

It is the past of the past.

Great! Now let's practise a bit with the Past Perfect and the Past Simple.

In every question, look carefully what happened first (past perfect) and what happened next (past simple).

When they _______ (finish) school, they _______ (go) to the mall.

1. had finished - went
2. finished - had gone

They ________ (show) me the pictures they ________ (take) during their holiday.

1. had shown - took
2. showed - had taken

The boy _______ (be) sorry for what he ______ (do).

1. had been - did
2. was - had done

past simple:

als iets in de verleden is gebeurd  en als het belangrijk is wanneer het is gebeurd. 

vaak staan woorden in zinnen zoals:

last night, in 2015, this morning, when i was young, five minutes ago.

Past simple summary:

- voorbij

- duurde kort

Past simple form:

- w.w. + ed

- 2e rijtje

past continuous:

als je zegt wat er op een bepaald moment in het verleden aan de gang was of wat je toen aan het doen was.

past continuous summary:

- was bezig

- duurde tijdje

Past continuous form:

- was/were + w.w. + ing

past simple vs past continuous

Past simple vs. past continuous

''I was cooking dinner when my mother called.''

De activiteit die aan de gang was, is de past continuous.

De activiteit die 'erbij komt', is de past simple.

Past simple vs. past continuous

zinnen kun je herkennen aan het woordje 'when':

''When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.''

Als het woordje 'while' in de zin staat, gebeuren 2 dingen tegelijk =  2 keer past continuous:

''I was studying while my father was making dinner.''

Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

Sheila and I ............. (talk) to the neighbour when the doorbell rang.

1. talked
2. were talking

Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

My sister .............. (walk) in while I was making my homework

1. walked
2. was walking

I _________ (wait) for the bus when it ________ (start) to rain.

I _______ (read) the newspaper, when all of a sudden my cat _____ (jump) onto my lap.

While we _______ (walk) the dog, the neighbours _____ (wash) their car.