H4 & V4 Grammar unit 3 & weblinks to practice

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• Middelbare school
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• Leerjaar 4

Grammar Unit 3 - V4

• Gerund
• Future tenses
• Direct/Indirect Speech
• Past Simple vs Present Perfect (so you need to know both!)
• Continuous tenses (Present/Past - new = Present Perfect/Past Perfect)
• Used to/didn't use to/ would
• Irregular verbs

Passive Voice -> period 4

Grammar Unit 3 - H4

• Gerund
• Future tenses
• Direct/Indirect Speech
• Past Simple vs Present Perfect (so you need to know both!)
• Continuous tenses (Present/Past - new = Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Future)
• Passive Voice
• Irregular verbs

Grammar Unit 3

• The Gerund - verb + ing as subject/object & after certain verbs /prepositions/ expressions (STUDY BOOKLET !!!!) - 

Examples: Climbing mountains is awesome! I hate studying for a test. She's no good at cooking.

After certain verbs, prepositions, expressions AND as subject or object of the sentence

Grammar Unit 3

• The Continuous forms - Present Continuous; Past Continuous; Present Perfect Continuous; Past Perfect Continuous

has/have or had + been + verb + ING - to emphazise duration (or irritation).

Listen to him! He is snoring.  = present continuous; He is always doing that, I hate it! = present continuous (right now; irritation) He is leaving for L.A. tomorrow = present continuous (future arrangement, could be in your agenda)

I was driving all night while you were sleeping = past continuous; I was taking a shower when someone knocked on the door. (action alreading going on & sth. else interrupts, or going on simultaneously in the past)

I have been working all morning!  = present perfect continuous (action started in the past and is still going on or has just finished and you can see the result)

He had not been paying any attention during class, and so he gave the wrong answer. = past perfect continuous (earlier past going on for a long time/irritation)

Continous forms - to emphasize duration (sometimes irritation)

Present Continuous: am/is/are working -> 

• at this moment;
•  irritation; 
• to indicate a future arrangement (I'm meeting her tomorrow)

Look! She is working on the painting right now.

Why are you always screaming at me?

They are leaving for Toronto tomorrow evening.

Past Continuous: was/were working -> 

• to indicate the action took a long time in the past; 
• to indicate one action was already going on (when another action interrupted this = past simple)

While I was watching TV, he rang me. 

I was chopping the onions, while she was frying the minced meat.

Continous forms - to emphasize duration (sometimes irritation)

Present Perfect Continuous: has/have been working ->

• to indicate sth. started in the past and in still going on OR has recently finished and you can see the result

to emphasize duration and sometimes irritation

They have been painting the walls since seven o'clock this morning.

We have been waiting here for ages now, hurry up!

Past Perfect Continuous: had been working ->

to indicate sth. took place before another action in the past (& emphasizes duration)

Before they went to the dentist, they had been brushing their teeth for minutes on end.

After they had been waiting in the rain for hours, their taxi finally pulled up.

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Grammar Unit 3

The Future forms:

1) Present Simple -> Timetables/Schedules

Examples:

The train/bus/airplane leaves at 9 am.

School starts at 8 am. 

The stores open at 7 am.

2) Going to + verb ->

• plans/intententions to do something
• present evidence that something is going to happen

Examples:

I have bought milk, eggs and flower because I am going to make pancakes this evening.

Can you hear the thunder? It is going to rain soon.

Grammar Unit 3

FUTURE SIMPLE FORMS

3) Present  Continuous-> appointments in the (near) future (arrangements have been made and you're sure about them taking place)

Examples:

I am meeting my accountant this afternoon.

I am going to the dentist tomorrow. 

She is leaving for Toronto next week.

4) Will + verb -> 

• Future facts & weather forecast - ;The icecap will melt if temperatures increase further.
• Prediction without evidence (opinion) /after a wish, promise, offer, assumption I think Ajax will win the Champions League.
• Spontaneaous decisions/offers at the moment of speaking - Oh, just leave it there. I'll take it inside. Yummy, that looks good, I think I'll have the same as you.
• LET OP: BIJ VRAGEN -> Shall I/shall we.....?

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Indirect Speech (said that + backshift)

Direct:

I work in a restaurant.

Indirect:

Mark said that he worked in a restaurant.

Direct:

I will help you with that.

Indirect:

He said that he would help me with that

NOTE!!! WITH ORDERS: DIRECT "GO HOME" -> INDIRECT: HE TOLD ME TO GO HOME; "DON'T LEAVE" -> SHE TOLD ME NOT TO LEAVE

Backshift - 1 tijd achteruit met indirect speech

Indirect Speech (said that + backshift)

Direct:

I worked in a restaurant.

Indirect:

Mark said that he had worked in a estaurant.

Direct:

I have always loved her.

Indirect:

He said that he had always loved her.

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Passive voice - H4

(a form of) to be + past participle (3rd form)

i.e. The thieves were caught last Sunday.

VS  Active Voice

The police caught the thieves last Sunday

Stappenplan Passive Voice (lijdende vorm) - H4

1) Zoek de lijdende vorm (object) in de actieve zin door een vraag te stellen met "wat + het werkwoord in de zin". 

   Bijv. "Hij wast de borden." Je stelt dan de vraag: "Wie of wat wordt er gewassen?" Antwoord = de borden. Dit is het lijdend voorwerp

2) Het lijdend voorwerp zet je vooraan in de lijdende zin (= passive voice).

3) Kijk nu naar het werkwoord in de actieve zin. In welke tijd staat dit werkwoord? Tips: 

    has/have + voltooid deelwoord erin = present perfect

    had + voltooid deelwoord erin = past perfect

    am/is/are + ww + ing =present continuous

    was/were + ww + ing = past continuous

4) Om de actieve zin lijdend te maken ga je nu als volgt te werk: 

     lijdend voorwerp vooraan in de zin + to be in dezelfde tijd als het werkwoord in de actieve zin

     bijv. He has done the dishes. -> has done = present perfect -> in de lijdende zin moet has/have + been +3e vorm/volt.dw. staan

5) Is in de lijdende zin (passive voice) het onderwerp enkelvoud of meervoud? Pas het werkwoord daarop aan (bijv. has of have/is of are/ was of were etc.) -> The men catch the thieves. (men = mv -> dus catch ipv catches) -> The thieves ARE caught (thieves = mv -> dus ARE ipv IS)

Active voice -> Passive voice (ww. tijden)

werkwoordtijden in de actieve zin (active voice) naar de lijdende zin (passive voice)

de vorm van "to be" past zich aan aan de tijd EN aan het nieuwe onderwerp (is dit enkelvoud of meervoud)

voorbeeld werkwoord = catch -> lijdende vorm = vorm van to be + 3e vorm/voltooid deelwoord:

• Present simple = catches/catch (active voice) -> is caught/are caught (passive voice)
• Present continuous = am/is/are catching (active voice) -> am/is/are being caught (passive voice)
• Past simple = caught (active voice) -> was/were caught (passive voice)
• Present perfect = has/have caught (active voice) -> has/have been caught (passive voice)
• Past Perfect = had caught (active voice) -> had been caught (passive voice)
• Past continuous =was/were catching (active voice) -> was/were being caught (passive voice)
• Modal verbs (can/could/will/would/shall/should/must/may/might) = will catch (active voice) -> will be caught (passive voice)

Er wordt gezegd/men zegt - H4

It is said

It was said

It has been said

It had been said

It will be said

Etc.

Grammar websites

Below please find the following website:

www.ego4u.com

www.english-hilfen.de (website in English)

(Passive Voice & General grammar)

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V4 grammar: Used to/would

Actie/situatie in het verleden: used to/didn't use to

I didn't use to smoke when I was young, but now I do.

I used to live in Canada.

Alleen bij actie in het verleden: would

He would sleep in till late in the morning during his studies.

She would often join me on outdoor hikes.