H4 and V4 grammar - past perfect; past continuous; past simple; present perf.; used to; adv/adj/comp

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vmbo lwoo, vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Unit 2 grammar - Study SB + slides

Past tenses + adjectives/adverbs/comparisons  (SB = kleine study booklet Of Course)

• Irregular verbs!!!! (know by heart - all forms and Dutch meaning) - SB p. 88-91
• Past Simple (2nd form/ verb + ed)  - SB p. 56
  
• Present Perfect (has/have + 3rd form; has/have + verb +ed) - SB p. 57
• Past Continuous (was/were + verb + ing) - SB p. 56/57
•  Past Perfect (had + 3rd form; had + verb + ed) - SB p. 58
• Used to + Didn't use to - SB p. 
• Adverbs and Adjectives + comparisons

Irregular verbs - small test

1. Zich terug trekken (army)
2. Opkomen (zon)
3. Huilen (w...)
4. Zoeken
5. Staan
6. Zweren/vloeken
7. Ontstaan
8. Liggen
9. Leggen
10. Bellen (r...)

Used to + verb/Didn't use to + verb

I used to skate a lot when I was young.

He didn't use to smoke during his teens.

I used to live on Park Avenue, Toronto.

• Used to/didn't use to + verb duidt gewoonte (handeling)/situatie/toestand in het verleden aan te duiden
• Let op: didn't use to -> didn't + hele ww
• Let op:  would + verb -> duidt alleen gewoonte (handeling) in verleden aan (geen situatie/toestand) 

Adverb

Form: adjective + -LY (+ exceptions -> study SB p. 65)

Says something about:

1. The entire sentence (Finally, they met.)
2. An adjective (The really great event)
3. Another adverb (He drove extremely fast)
4. A verb (The dog listens well)

Adverb

Spelling of adverbs

adjective + LY

adjectives ending in 

• LE -> LY (terrible -> terribly)
• IC -> ICALLY (basic -> basically)
• FUL -> FULLY (careful -> carefully; beautiful -> beautifully)
• Y -> ILY (easy -> easily; happy -> happily)

Adjective

Says something about a noun:

The green door; the hard work; the fast car

Adjectives vs Adverbs - SB p. 65-69

• The red car -> the adjective modifies the noun (bnw. zegt iets over het zelfst. nmw.)

• The completely red car -> the adverb modifies the adjective (bw. zegt iets over het bnw.)

• Fortunately, she drives the completely red car really well. (bw zegt iets over de hele zin; zegt iets over hoe je iets doet/over het werkwoord)

Comparisons - SB p. 68-69

• Adjective 1-syllable word - er/est (bigger than; the tallest)

• Adjective (> or =) 3-syllable words - more/most (more beautiful than; the most beautiful)

• Adjective 2-syllable words - er/est or more/most (SB p. 68)

• Adverbs (ending in -LY) - more/most (She danced more beautifully than he did.)

• Irregular adverbs (good/better/best; bad/worse/worst; few/fewer/fewest; little/less/least etc.)

Comparative + Superlative forms of  adjectives

• Adjective 1-syllable word - er/est (bigger than; the tallest)

• Adjective (> or =) 3-syllable words - more/most (more beautiful than; the most beautiful)

• Adjective 2-syllable words - er/est or more/most (SB p. 68)

• Adjectives with 2 syllables ending with:  -er/ -ow/ -le AND the adjectives common, cruel, handsome, pleasant, quiet, stupid, sure -> TWO comparative forms: with er/est and with more/most

Forms of comparisons:

• better THAN; more powerful THAN
• AS good AS; not as good as
• THE best; THE MOST wonderful gift

Using comparative + superlative forms of adjectives

• He is BETTER at mathematics THAN she is. -> THAN + comparative form

• He is AS GOOD at mathematics AS his brother is -> AS ...AS + adjective form

• He is NOT AS GOOD at mathematics AS his friend is -> NOT AS ... AS + adjective form
  

• She is THE BEST -> THE + superlative form

• THE HARDER she works, THE BETTER her grades become -> THE + comparative form, THE + comparative form

• The child started crying HARDER AND HARDER -> comparative form + AND + comparative form

• It is becoming MORE AND MORE difficult -> more and more + adjective form

Comparative & Superlative forms of adverbs 

• Adverbs (ending in -LY) 

     -> comparative(vergelijkende trap) =  more; 

     -> superlative (overtreffende trap) = most  
        

        for example:
         She dances more beautifully than he does, but her sister dances the most beautifully. 

          She talks more loudly than they do, however he talks the most loudly

         

• Irregular adverbs (good/better/best; bad/worse/worst; few/fewer/fewest; little/less/least; fast/faster/fastest;  etc.)

Study/important

little/less/least (non-countable - milk/gold/love/hate - material/abstract)

few/fewer/fewest (countable - chair/spoon/people -> all nouns that have a  plural form)

much/more/most (non-countable) -> non-countable = abstract nouns (love/hate/attention etc.) + materials (wood, water, milk)

many/more/most (countable) -> countable = nouns that can be put into a plural form

late/later/last (de laatste qua binnenkomst)

late/later/latest (de nieuwste)

the late Mr. Steve Jobs = wijlen

old/older/oldest

old/elder/eldest (familierelaties)

far/farther-further/farthest-furthest

far/further -> aanvullende (further details; further inquiry)

Study/important

These verbs usually take an adjective

1. Taste - The soup tastes great/good.
2. Sound - That sounds fabulous/good.
3. Smell - It smells delicious
4. Feel - It feels soft/this feels awful
5. Look - It looks wonderful
6. Seem - It seems right to me

Note:

• To feel well = relates to your health (She is not feeling too well = Ze is niet zo fit; He has recovered and is feel well again = Hij is weer beter en voelt zich weer fit/gezond.)
• To feel good = relates to your happiness (This drink makes me feel good)

Adjectives with number

• The 50-pound note/fifty-pound note
• I have a note of fifty pounds.

• The 80-year-old grandmother/The eighty-year-old grandmother.
• The grandmother who is 80 years old

• The 13-year-old girl/The thirteen-year-old girl
• The girl who is thirteen years old