TTO1 - History (Bricks) - Late Middle Ages

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• Middelbare school
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• Leerjaar 1

Chapter 6: Late Middle Ages

6.1: Pope against emperor

6.3 Development of new cities

Question 1:
Who is the Pope?

Question 2:
What was the feudal system?

Power in Late Middle Ages

People in the Middle Ages believed that all power was granted to kings and lords by God. 
Kings received secular power
Popes received spiritual power

Hereditary

The power to control a certain region was granted by a lord. 
The vassal would often keep it in the family and would grant it to his oldest son when he died. This is called hereditary
--> This wasn't exactly what the lord wanted of course...

Bishops

Were often chosen by kings to become their vassals. And also appointed to become bishop.
Questions: 
1) Why did kings/lords do this? 
2) Who might have been mad because of this? 

Conflict between the Pope and the king.

• According to the popes the spiritual world was superior to the secular world. (Soul is more important than the body) .

• In reality religious and state matters often became mixed. Led to conflicts between popes and lords.

• 11th century major argument between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and the pope Gregory VII: Investiture Controversy.

Conflict between pope and kings

Investiture Controversy.

Investiture means the ability to appoint and install bishops. Fight between emperor and pope.

1122 Concordat of Worms.

Only pope could appoint bishops, but lords could give them political power.

Strict divide between between government of the Church and government of the empire.

6.3: Development of new cities
5.1 New cities

If you think about cities in the Middle Ages, what did they look like?

Try to think of a reason why it was possible to move back to the cities at the start of the Late Middle Ages (1000 AD)

Why could more food lead to the growth of cities / urbanisation?

Heavy iron plow

Craftsmen and guilds

• In the cities, people started to trade all kinds of products. 
• Other people started to learn a craft. They specialised in different areas. For instance, blacksmithing, leatherworking, shoemaking, baker, carpenter.
• To make things easier for new craftsmen, they often gathered in guilds. Guilds were associations of people who had the same job. 

5.2: City Rights

Most cities were under the rule of a lord, who, in return, was under the rule of the king. 

--> Cities grew to large proportions. Rulers wanted more influence and power

City Rights

Burghers (free people) wanted something in return for paying high taxes. 
--> Lords and burghers came to an agreement 
--> Cities received city rights 

Examples of city rights

• Right to organise markets
• Right to build city walls
• Right to collect money from merchants
• Right to punish criminals
• Right to produce their own currency/coins
• Right to store goods and sell them without permission of the lord.

Low countries lords still hold control by:

• Appointing a schout (representative of the lord) 
  --> He kept everything in check and was announced leader of the schepenen. 
• Appointing Schepenen
  --> Group of people that controlled the city. 
  --> Tasks like solving crimes / judging criminals / collecting taxes etc.