This lesson contains 26 slides, with interactive quizzes and text slides.
Lesson duration is: 30 min
Items in this lesson
Gateway grammar unit 5
Modal verbs
2 TTO
Slide 1 - Slide
What grammar do you need to know?
Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice - present and past
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction - present, past and future
Slide 2 - Slide
Slide 3 - Slide
Meaning?
Obligation: something that you must do. (obliged, no real choice)
Prohibition: the act of stopping something from being done or used. (it is not allowed, it is forbidden)
Advice: giving guidance or recommendations about what someone should do. (give advice, say what you would do in their situation)
Slide 4 - Slide
Modal verbs of the present
Slide 5 - Slide
Modal verbs of obligation - present
Have to - to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary, often forced on us by other people or authorities As a police officer, you have to wear a uniform.
Must- to express obligation because of rules, a law, or a requirement You must hand in your work before 9pm. Students must arrive prepared for class.
Slide 6 - Slide
Modal verbs of obligation - present
Need to- to talk about things which are obligatory or necessary. Often used when something is important one time, rather than a responsibility or duty. With needn't we do not use to before the infinitive. We need to get home before 11 pm tonight. You needn't worry about anything - everything is taken care of!
Slide 7 - Slide
Modal verbs of prohibition - present
Aren't allowed to - to talk about things that are prohibited or hindered by someone - We aren't allowed to wear sneakers.
Can't- to refuse permission - We can't run in the hallways.
Mustn’t- to talk about rules, regulations and obligations, that often come from ourselves. - You mustn’t smoke so much!
Slide 8 - Slide
Modal verbs of advice - present
Should(n't), ought to, had ('d) better - to give advice and recommendations. - You should wear your hat - it looks cold outside!
Slide 9 - Slide
Prohibition
Advice
Obligation
have to
must
should
ought to
can't
aren't allowed
need to
Slide 10 - Drag question
What modal verb(s) shows a prohibition?
A
need to
B
can't
C
mustn't
D
don't have to
Slide 11 - Quiz
"I have to help my mother with the dishes." What kind of modal verb is used here? (obligation, prohibition, or advice)
Slide 12 - Open question
Modal verbs of the past
Slide 13 - Slide
Modal verbs of obligation - past
Had to- to talk about things which were obligatory or necessary by other people or authorities. The conductor told me that I had to wear a facemask on a train.
Didn't have to - to talk about things which were not obligatory or necessary. You didn't have to bring me a birthday present!
Slide 14 - Slide
Modal verbs of obligation - past
Needed to - to talk about things that were obligatory or necessary. My father told me that I needed to walk the dog last night, so I did.
Didn't need to - to talk about things which were not obligatory or necessary. Maybe we did them, maybe we didn't. Okay, so I didn't really need to buy that pack of gum...
Slide 15 - Slide
Modal verbs of obligation - past
Needn't have + past participle - to talk about things that were not obligatory or necessary, but we did them. We needn't have cleaned the kitchen yesterday, so my mom was happy we did.
Slide 16 - Slide
Modal verbs of prohibition - past
Wasn't/weren't allowed- to talk about past prohibitions. When I was a kid, I wasn't allowed to stay up late.
Slide 17 - Slide
Modal verbs of advice - past
Should/ought to have + past participle or shouldn't have + past participle- to criticise past actions or to say that they were a mistake. You should have locked your bike. Now it has been stolen!
Slide 18 - Slide
Prohibition
Obligation
Advice
needed to
had to
weren't allowed
ought to + past participle
shouldn't have + past participle
wasn't allowed
Slide 19 - Drag question
What modal verb(s) could you use in this sentence? "You ... the plants, why didn't you?"
A
had to water
B
weren't allowed to water
C
didn't have to water
D
should have watered
Slide 20 - Quiz
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction -
present and future
Must - when we are 90% certain that something is true We must have forgotten to water the plants - they are dead now.
May, might, could, may not, mightn't- when there is a 50% possibility that something is true (or not). She might get an 8.0 on our literature test, she knows everything!
Can't - when we are 90% certain that something is not true. That can't be my neighbours cat. He already has a red one.
Slide 21 - Slide
What modal verb do we use when we are 90% sure that something is true?
A
could
B
might
C
must
D
can't
Slide 22 - Quiz
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction -
past
Must have - when we are 90% certain that something was true I must have forgotten my phone at home. I was so busy.
May have, might have, could have, may not have, mightn't have + past participle - when there is a 50% possibility that something was true (or not). Our grandfather might have made millions of dollars, but he never told us.
Can't have- when we are 90% certain that something was not true. She can't have known that I didn't like fish. I probably never told her!
Slide 23 - Slide
What modal verb do we use when we are 90% sure that something was not true?
A
could have
B
might have
C
must have
D
can't have
Slide 24 - Quiz
What modal verbs can you use when there is a 50% possibility that something was true?