Relative pronouns Ch 6.1

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Relative Clauses

Betrekkelijke bijzin: provides extra information about something that has already been mentioned, for instance a person, thing, animal, place, or event. 

NL: die (bij 'de-woorden'), dat (bij 'het-woorden), wat, waar. 

ENG: who, which, that, what, where, when

Relative Clauses

Kan bijv. verwijzen naar:

• een zelfstandig naamwoord (a noun)
• een voornaamwoord (a pronoun)
• een hele zin (a main or subclause)

learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org

Relative clauses

We use relative clauses to describe or give extra information about something we have already mentioned. We often use them to avoid repetition. 

We often use relative pronouns (e.g. who, where, that, which, whose) to introduce relative clauses.

Relative clauses

Restrictive relative clauses:  you need them in the sentence for it to make sense. They give you essential information. NO COMMAS!!!

Non-restrictive relative clauses: They give extra information, which isn’t absolutely necessary. We use COMMAS to separate them from the rest of the sentence. 

Relative clauses 

• Link to a word previously mentioned
  
• Links up two parts of the sentence

Martin played Tennis with Sophie, who was slightly injured.

relative pronoun

Noa sold her phone, which was old and damaged.

relative pronoun

Relative Clauses

Who: verwijst terug naar een persoon

My brother Tim, who is a law student, lives in London.

Which: het antecedent is geen persoon

The old Rolls Royce, which is worth a fortune right now, is parked in the garage. 

That: kan verwijzen naar beide!

Restrictive relative clauses

Restrictive relative clauses:  essential information

• In the middle or at the end of a sentence
• No commas!

He is the doctor who helped my grandmother.

This is the airport where I lost my bag.

Relative clauses

You can leave out relative pronouns if:

• it is a 'restrictive' relative clause'
• the pronoun does NOT relate to the subject
  
• there is a pronoun behind it

The flowers which he gave me were beautiful.

Persoonlijk: ik, jij, hij, etc.

Bezittelijk: mijn, zijn, onze, etc.

Wederkerend: me, je, zich, etc.

The flowers he gave me were beautiful.

Non-restrictive relative clauses

Non-restrictive relative clauses:  additional information

• In the middle or at end of a sentence
• Starts and ends with comma
• Do not use  'that'!!!
  

The Times, which is published in London, is a daily newspaper.

The Times is a daily newspaper.

Relative clauses

Whom: is sometimes used as the object of a verb or preposition

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

Whose: refers to the person that something belongs to.

He's a musician whose albums have sold millions. 

Relative clauses

Restrictive relative clauses (no commas):

• antecedent = person: who or that, preference for who
• antecedent = thing: which or that, preference for that 
• antecedent = place: where
• antecedent = time: when 
• antecedent = reason: why
• no antecedent = what ('that which')

Relative clauses

Non-Restrictive relative clauses (commas):

• antecedent = person: who 
• antecedent = thing: which 
• antecedent = place: where
• antecedent = time: when 
• antecedent = reason: why
• no antecedent = what ('that which')

Relative clauses

Whose = van wie, wiens

John, whose sister lives in Groningen, is 18 years old

Whom =  die (esp. formal language)

Mij uncle Peter, whom I saw last Tuesday, is bald. 

What = als er geen antecedent is

What he says is not true ('That which')

Do ex. 1.3. B on Learnbeat

Workbook ex. 1 -3 p. 64-66

Learnbeat

https://inloggen.learnbeat.nl/activities/show/20247901

Relative clauses

Where: verwijst altijd naar een plaats

I still live in the house where I grew up in. 

I still live in the house in which I grew up.

When: verwijst naar een tijdstip

In September 1938, when Hitler had just invaded Poland, Prime Minister Chamberlain declared that there would be 'Peace in our time'. 

Do ex. 1.3.C (4) and D on Learnbeat

Workbook ex. 4 and 5 p. 67 & 68

Learnbeat

https://inloggen.learnbeat.nl/activities/show/20247902/1717881

Relative pronouns

• Who / which together with preposition
  
• preposition mostly in the end.

• preposition can also be in the beginning of sentence: formal
• 'Who' changes to 'whom'

The officer, who Lee told his story to, was shocked.

The officer, to whom Leed told his story, was shocked.

Relative Pronouns

• Who: personen
• Which: dingen, dieren etc.
• That: NIET bij komma's
• Komma's bij een niet-beperkende bijwoordelijke bijzin (een zin die extra informatie geeft die niet noodzakelijk is)
• Whose (

Homework

Finish 1.3.E. ex. 2 and 3

Workbook: ex. 6 and 7 on p. 69 & 70