1.1

• History
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 3

1.2: World War 1: The Great War

AGE 9. The Time of World Wars

Google a map of the Ottoman Empire around 1900. What is the best description of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanisches Reich)

1. an expanding empire
2. a stable empire
3. a declining empire
4. a galactic empire

Google a map of Europe around 1900. Which two European states were NOT united countries in 1815?

1. France and Germany
2. Poland and Russia
3. Italy and Spain
4. Germany and Italy

Look at the same map again
Which state did not exist in 1914?

1. Poland
2. Netherlands
3. Great Britain
4. Russia

Google a map of Europe around 1870
Until 1871, Germany consisted of many different states. Which one was the largest?

1. Bavaria (Bayern)
2. Saxony (Saksen)
3. Prussia (Preussen)
4. Hannover

The Age of World Wars

1900 - 1950

1. WW1  and  the Great Depression)
   
2. Totalitarian ideologies: communism, fascism and National-Socialism
3. WW2 and the occupation of the Netherlands
4. Racism and discimination leading to genocide in the holocaust

New technology around 1900

radio 1895

car 1897

airplane 1903

film 1895

color photography 1907

Constructing the Eiffel Tower (1887)

The Belle Époque

Factory around 1900

Humiliating the French in 1871:

German emperor Wilhelm I is crowned 

in the French palace of Versailles...

"The Scramble for Africa" was the occupation and colonization of the African continent by the major European powers between 1880 and 1914.

World War 1 (1914 - 1918)

also known as The Great war

The Two alliances:

1 The Allies/ Triple Entente  (UK, France, Russia)

2 The Central Powers/ Triple alliance  (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria)

Let's look at their concerns and ambitions

• democratic monarchy
• colonial empire where "the sun never sets"
  
• largest navy (needed to protect the empire)
  
• does not want Germany to build a larger navy

1. Great Britain

The Allies

• democratic republic
• lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1871 
  
• wants revenge
• fears growing military power of Germany

2. France

The Allies

• absolute monarchy (emperor Nicholas II)
• large, but backward country (90% peasants)
  
• no modern industry

3. Russia

The Allies

• absolute monarchy (emperor Wilhelm II)
• only one state since the unification of 1871
• wants "it's place under the sun" (= colonies)
  
• modern industry
• largest army
• wants to build larger fleet than Britain

1. Germany

The central Powers

• absolute monarchy (emperor Franz Joseph)
• internal problems (multi-ethnic state)
• no modern industry, no colonies
  
• has annexed (= conquered) Bosnia

2. Austria-Hungary

The central Powers

• an empire in decline 
• had lost much territory on the Balkans

3. Ottoman Empire

The central Powers

• Only joined the Central Powers during WW1 (1915)
• had a score to settle with Serbia

4. Bulgaria

The central Powers

Causes and the Direct Cause of WW1

Causes: = why events happen

more than one, can even be further back in time

Direct Cause = why an event happens at that time

only one, the trigger

Causes and the Direct Cause of WW1

M = Militarism (+ arms race)

A = Alliances

I = Imperialism

N = Nationalism

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Politicians at the time called this system of alliances the "Balance of Power"

They believed that the size and power of the two alliances would prevent either side from starting a war

Nation, state, nationalism, ethnic group

• a nation (volk) is a group of people that feel connected because they share the same language, religion, history, culture.
  
• examples: The Dutch, The Spanish, Turks, Poles, Chinese etc.
  

• a state is the territory (with boundaries, infrastructure and a government) in which a nation lives.
  
• examples: The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Poland etc.

Nation, state, nationalism, ethnic group

• Nationalism: a strong love for one's own nation. The feeling that one's own nation is the best. 

• nationality: the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization.

• Ethnic group : a group of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together because they share race, language, nationality, or culture.
  

Austria-Hungary: multi ethnic state

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