2.3 Ruling the city state DMB 2022

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Ruling the city state 3000 BC. - 500 AD.

Wat definitions can you connect to the following images? 

2.3 Ruling the city State 

Goal: By the end of the paragraph you will be able to:

1 explain that the Greek world was divided administratively but united culturally.

2 name, describe and recognize four forms of government that existed in Greece.

3 describe what citizenship meant in Athenian democracy.

4 explain how the Greek city-states lost their independence.

KA = The development of scientific thought and thinking about citizenship and politics in the Greek city-state

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

still influences us today!

Why were the Ancient Greek so important?

Can we speak of "One Ancient Greece"? Expalin your answer

systems of government

Politics comes from the word polis

Monarchy: state with one leader through succession (mono = one)

Aristocracy: government of the "best" (nobility) --> claim to citizenship

Tyranny: state with one leader who seized power by force

Democracy: government of citizens (Athens) (demos = people)

--> combination is quite possible!

only men with citizenship were allowed to co-rule;

no women, foreigners, slaves (& children)

Participation in governance depended on the role in the defense of the city-state;

from king, to nobility, to inhabitants with citizenship

Dissatisfaction? Then a tyrant could make an attempt....

Forms of ruling in the city state

Athenian democracy

Citizenship: Athenian man

Important positions distributed by lot ( e.g. Council of 500)

Direct democracy

Ostracism = shard court Those who posed a threat to the balance of power could be voted out

Assemblies

Every polis had a general assembly, where all citizens gathered. This general assembly was called the ecclesia. In Athens, the ecclesia was the highest power. However it did not gather often, only for very important matters. At least 6,000 citizens were required to make a decision or it would not count. The idea of general assemblies is that everybody who is affected by the decision should be involved in it.

Everyday governing was done by a smaller council of 500 citizens, called the boule. These 500 people were chosen from all citizens who wanted to be in the boule. They had this everyday governing process because it was not possible to gather everyone together for making less-important decisions.

source 2.2.6

A bouleuterion was a building in ancient Greece which housed the council of citizens (boulē) of a democratic city state. These representatives assembled at the bouleuterion to confer and decide about public affairs. 

The word "general" has 2 different meanings that are often used in history lessons:

1. for everyone, or widespread.

For example: "books of general interest"

2. a commander of an army, or an army officer of very high rank.

For example: "George Patton was a general in the US army during World War 2".

source 2.2.5

A scheme of ancient Athenian democracy.

Thucydides, De Peloponnesische oorlog

Onze staatsvorm heeft democratie, omdat ze niet in handen is van een kleine groep, maar van de meerderheid. In de wetgeving geldt bij een conflict gelijk recht voor iedereen. Iemands positie in de staat? De vraag hoe iemand een functie het beste kan uitoefenen? Dat wordt niet bepaald door afkomst, maar door capaciteiten. Als iemand arm is en hij kan de stad van dienst zijn, dan wordt hij daarin niet gehinderd door zijn lage positie in de maatschappij.

--> wat vindt hij? 

Plato, Protagoras

Wanneer wij in de volksvergadering samenkomen en er staan bouwactiviteiten op de agenda, dan vragen we architecten om advies, bij scheepsbouw halen we er scheepsbouwers bij en hetzelfde geldt voor andere projecten. Maar als er gediscussieerd wordt over het politieke beleid van de stad, dan mag iedereen zijn zegje doen: timmerlui, smeden, leerbewerkers, matrozen, arm en rijk, van goede of slechte komaf.

--> wat vindt hij?

Everyone in the Netherlands may vote in the House of Representatives elections

1. Monarchie
2. Tirannie
3. Democratie
4. Aristocratie

Alleen mensen met een hoog salaris mogen stemmen

1. Monarchie
2. Tirannie
3. Democratie
4. Aristocratie

De Tweede Kamer wordt opgeheven en de koning krijgt het voor het zeggen

1. Monarchie
2. Tirannie
3. Democratie
4. Aristocratie

Mark Rutte is klaar met Koning Willem-Alexander, laat hem ombrengen en neemt zijn plek in

1. Monarchie
2. Tirannie
3. Democratie
4. Aristocratie

Is het verloten van bestuurlijke functies democratisch?

1. Ja
2. Nee

Zou iemand die een bedreiging voor de democratie vormt voor een periode van 10 jaar verbannen moeten worden?

1. ja
2. nee

democratie

aristocratie

monarchie

tyrannie

bestuur van de 'besten'

bestuur door alleenheerser

(die de macht gegrepen heeft)

bestuur door 'het volk' 

bestuur door een koning 

Greek vs Persians

De Perzische Oorlog: causes (1)

In Persia: Kingship was given from the gods and they are entitled to total power.

The Persians take over many Greek colonies.

Ionia, a former Greek colony, was dissatisfied with the high taxes and hindrance to Greek sea trade.

P war: causes (2)

An uprising breaks out in Ionia: The IONIAN Uprising!

Athens and Eretria help free Ionia.

The Persians put down the revolt....

First Persian War 

Darius I of Persia sent 600 ships directly across the sea; they destroyed the island of Euboia and proceed to Marathon.

Athenian merchants overrun the Persians (6400 to 192 killed).

Persians retreat, some ships fled.

First P-war

Conclusion: the Persians lose the battle of Marathon.

An Athenian soldier ran at once from Marathon to Athens (42.195km) to report victory

Darius I wanted compensation (penance) from Athens because she helped Ionia during the Rebellion.

He sent two messengers to Athens, who were killed.

Second Persian War 

Darius I wanted revenge for the defeat at Marathon!

The Athenians set about preparing:

- Build two hundred ships with the proceeds of new silver veins.

- Making alliances with other Greek city-states (such as Sparta).

2nd P-War (2)

Darius I was succeeded by Xerxes.

The war begins!!!

- The mountain pass Thermapylae (Leonidas and his 300 soldiers).

- Spartans lost the battle.

- Persians destroyed Athens (unprotected), the inhabitants had already fled on their ships.

- Persians were defeated at the island of Salamis.

2nd p war 

King Leonidas of Sparta is told by Xerxes to lay down his arms:

"Μολων λαβε", ("That he come and get them").

Then fought in the battle of Thermopylae with 300 soldiers (and another whole bunch of slaves) and lost by treachery.

Honored by all Greeks as a hero!

2nd P war (4)

Battle of Salamis (480 BC).

Greeks trap much larger Persian fleet (1207 ships, Greeks 371) and defeat over 200 ships.

This was the decisive victory in the 2nd Persian War

Greek vs Greek 

De Peloponnesian War  (1)

Athens vs Sparta:

- Both were so powerful that they dominated part of the Greek world.'

- Athens: Delian league. Had to pay a lot of taxes to Athens to pay for the army (protection from the Persians).

- Sparta: Peloponnesian league. The land army the most important.

De Peloponnesian War (2)

Sparta gewonnen! Hoe? Ze plunderden het platteland en verbrandden de olijfbomen...

Gevolgen voor Athene: democratie werd tijdelijk opgeheven door Sparta en hun raad van dertig.

Muren afbreken die Athene verbond met de haven. 

Athens:

Democracy

Women stay indoors as much as possible

Lots of art, building projects, philosophy

Sparta:

monarchy with even two kings. In peacetime they were judges and priests, in wartime they led the army.

popular assembly of male citizens had little power.

But 5 people made the most important decisions.

Sparta:

- newborn babies were adopted.

- from age 7 children lived in military barracks. so-called Spartan education

(both boys and girls)

- Life revolved around the military.

Peloponnesian War (431-404 v.Chr.)

- Struggle for power and influence in Greece.

- Spartans strongest on land.

- Athenians strongest at sea.

After 30 years, Sparta wins; both cities had been weakened by war.

after the war 

- Athens must tear down its city walls.

- Athens must tear down its warships.

- Athens must abolish democracy.

Alexander the Great 

Filippus II (king of Macedonia):

- dwingt de Grieken om hem als koning te accepteren.

- één rijk van alle stadstaten maken (behalve Sparta)

- Samen de Perzen aanvallen en het rijk uitbreiden.

- vermoord voordat hij zijn plannen uit kan voeren.

Alexander the Great :

- enormous empire

- Wants to rule 'to the end of the world'

- Invades India but his army won't fight anymore.

- Wounded, he retreats.

- Died suddenly at the age of 32.

- After his death his generals all want their own kingdoms and the empire falls into four parts.

Hellenism:

- Conquered peoples adopted Greek art, philosophy and sciences.

- Generals married women from conquered territories.

- Alexander founded cities along Greek lines in order to create unity in the empire.

the end..?

Ionian revolt

Persian war --> 'free Greek citizen'

Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

Philippos and Alexander the Great of Macedonia (338 B.C.)

Hellenism = spread of Greek culture